C = (abd) > X
- C = Change
- a = compelling, vivid, vision of desired future state
- b = Dissatisfaction with status quo (pain message)
- d = Practical first steps, strategies or action plans that can close the gap
- X = Perceived costs of change (personal / organizational)
Source: This change formula was devised by Gleicher and cited in Beckhard, R. and Harris, R.T. (1977). Organizational Transitions: Managing Complex Change. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
The same formula is sited differently in Bunker & Alban, Large Group Intervention:, page 71
C = D x V x F > R
- C = Change
- D = Dissatisfaction with the current organizational system
- V = clear vision of the organizational goals for the future
- F = Practical First Steps
- R = Resistance to change that is present in the organization